Sensory profile of wines produced from disease-resistant grapevine varieties grown in the Mediterranean area
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Keywords
Abstract
The transition to a sustainable viticulture is vital to address environmental issues such as the use of agrochemicals and greenhouse gas emissions. In viticulture, the use of disease-resistant varieties (PIWI) offers a promising solution because of their lower requirement for fungicides treatments, but little is known about their qualitative performance in Mediterranean environments. This study evaluated the quality of wines produced from Merlot Kanthus and Merlot Khorus varieties compared to their parental Merlot N. cultivar in Salento, an area of the Apulia region in southern Italy, characterized by a hot and dry climate. Two different sensory analyses, namely, an affective and a quantitative descriptive test, were performed. Resistant varieties tend to outperform Merlot N. in sensory preferences, acidity, and color, achieving high quality in the Apulian terroir. These results prove the potential value of resistant varieties like Merlot Kanthus and Merlot Khorus to produce high-quality wines in Mediterranean regions and to support a wider acceptance and adoption of PIWI varieties in Italian regions which currently restrict their use.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Bavaresco L. and Squeri C. 2022. Outlook on disease resistant grapevine varieties. BIO Web Conf. 44(06001):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224406001
Bavaresco L., Vercesi A., Belvini P., Dalla Costa L., Fogal J., Marcon L., Masaro L., et al. 2023. Agronomic performance of 21 new disease resistant winegrape varieties grown in northeast Italy. VITIS 62(5): 81–87. https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2023.62.SPECIAL-ISSUE.81-87
Blanco, Ileana, Massimiliano Cardinale, Corrado Domanda, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Piergiorgio Romano, Gianni Zorzi, and Laura Rustioni. 2024. Mulching with municipal solid waste (MSW) compost has beneficial side effects on vineyard soil compared to mulching with synthetic films. Horticulturae. 10(7): 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070769
Borrello M., Cembalo L., Vecchio R. 2021. Consumers’ acceptance of fungus resistant Grapes: Future scenarios in sustainable winemaking. J. Clean. Prod. 307(127318). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127318
Capros P., Zazias G., Evangelopoulou S., Kannavou M., Fotiou T., Siskos P., De Vita A., Sakellaris K. 2019. Energy-system modelling of the EU Strategy towards Climate-Neutrality. Energy Policy 134(110960). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110960
Casassa L.F. and Harbertson J.F. 2014. Extraction, evolution, and sensory impact of phenolic compounds during red wine maceration. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 5:83–109. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092438
Celotti E., Valent R., Bellantuono E. 2020. Varietà Resistenti e Tocai Friulano Incontro, Possibile, Fra Tradizione e Innovazione. Il Corriere Vinicolo. 33:16–17.
Daldoul S., Boubakri H., Gargouri M., Mliki A. 2020. Recent advances in biotechnological studies on wild grapevines as valuable resistance sources for smart viticulture. Mol. Biol. Rep. 47(4): 3141–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05363-0
De Rosso M., Panighel A., Maoz I., Carraro R., Tarricone L., Masi G., Roccotelli S., Rizzo M., Flamini R. 2023. Study of resistant vine varieties cultivated in dry environment and suitable to produce high-quality wines without using pesticides by high-resolution MS. In: Abstracts book:53–54. Torino (TO), Italy.
Ducroz F. 2006. Mesures de Produits Phytosanitaires Dans l’air En Anjou, Campagne de Mesures Été 2006’. Air Pays de Loire.
Duley G., Ceci A.T., Longo E., Boselli E. 2023. Oenological potential of wines produced from disease-resistant grape cultivars. CRFSFS. 22(4): 2591–2610. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.13155
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European Parliament. 2021. Regulation (EU) 2021/2177. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021R2117#d1e39-262-1
Fahey D. and Englefield A. 2018. Breeding new resistant grapevine varieties. In: Grapevine Management Guide 2018 –19, 17–20. Department of Primary Industries.
Foria S., Monte C., Testolin R., Di Gaspero G., Cipriani G. 2019. Pyramidizing resistance genes in grape: A breeding program for the selection of elite cultivars. Acta Hortic. 1248: 549–54. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1248.73
Fuller K.B., Alston J.M., Sambucci O.S. 2014. The value of powdery mildew resistance in grapes: Evidence from California. WEP. 3(2): 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wep.2014.09.001
Gonçalves E., Carrasquinho I., Martins A. 2020. Measure to evaluate the sensitivity to genotype‐by‐environment interaction in grapevine clones. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 26(3): 259–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12432
González-Centeno M.R., Chira K., Miramont C., Escudier J.L., Samson A., Salmon J. M., Ojeda H., Teissedre P.L. 2019. Disease resistant bouquet vine varieties: Assessment of the phenolic, aromatic, and sensory potential of their wines. Biomolecules. 9(12): 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9120793
IPCC. 2023. AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023. AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/.
Katherine L.C. and Roger L.B. 2013. Critical environmental concerns in wine production: An integrative review. J. Clean. 53:232–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.007.
Kilmister R.L., Mazza M., Baker N.K., Faulkner P. and Downey M.O. 2014. A role for anthocyanin in determining wine tannin concentration in Shiraz’. Food Chem. 152:475–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.007
Mailly F., Hossard L., Barbier J.M., Thiollet-Scholtus M., Gary C. 2017. Quantifying the impact of crop protection practices on pesticide use in wine-growing systems. Eur. J. Agron. 84:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.12.005.
Manns D.C., Coquard Lenerz C.T.M., Mansfield A.K. 2013. Impact of processing parameters on the phenolic profile of wines produced from hybrid red grapes maréchal foch, corot noir, and marquette. J. Food Sci. 78(5):696-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12108
Mansfield A.K. and Vickers Z.M. 2009. Characterization of the aroma of red frontenac table wines by descriptive analysis. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 60(4): 435–41. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2009.60.4.435
Mian G., Iseppi L., Traversari G., Ermacora P., Cipriani G., Nassivera F. 2022. Consumers perceptions and motivations in the choice of kiwifruits: A study-case in Italy, North-East. Qual—Access Success. 23(188). https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.188.23
Miclot A.S., Delmotte F., Bourg J., Mazet I.D., Fabre F., Delière L. 2022. Four years of monitoring of disease-resistant grapevine varieties in French vineyards. BIO Web Conf. 50:02008. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225002008
Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. 2015. Decreto 4 Agosto 2015 - Modifiche Ed Integrazioni al Registro Nazionale Delle Varieta’ Di Vite. GU Serie Generale n.199 Del 28-08-2015. 15A06340.
Muthmann R. and Nadin P. 2007. The use of plant protection products in the European Union, Data 1992-2003. 2007 ed. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Nesselhauf L., Fleuchaus R., Theuvsen L. 2019. What about the environment?: A choice-based conjoint study about wine from fungus-resistant grape varieties. Int. J. Wine Bus. Res. 32(1): 96–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWBR-09-2018-0049
Nikolić D. Ranković-Vasić Z. Petrović A., Radojević I., Jovanović-Cvetković T. Sivčev B. 2017. Effect of genotype x environment interactions of grapevine hybrids characteristics. Edited by Aurand J.M. BIO Web. Conf. 9:01018. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20170901018
Paul H.W. 1996. The Fall of the hybrid empire and the vinifera victory. In: Science, Vine and Wine in Modern France, 1st ed., 99–120. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529283
Pedneault K., Gagné M.P., Slegers A., Angers P. 2014. Phenolic and aroma composition of grapes and wines from five hybrid grape varieties used in northern wine production. In: Annual Conference of the American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. Austin, USA.
Pedneault K. and Provost C. 2016. Fungus resistant grape varieties as a suitable alternative for organic wine production: Benefits, limits, and challenges. J. Hortic. 208:57–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.016
Pedneault K., Shan Ching Seong M. and Angers P. 2012. Determination of quality attributes driving consumer acceptance of cold hardy grape wines produced in Quebec. In: Neubrandenberg, Germany: Unpublished. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1902.4326
Piarulli L., Pirolo C., Roseti V., Bellin D., Mascio I., La Notte P., Montemurro C., Monica Marilena Miazzi M.M. 2024. Breeding new seedless table grapevines for a more sustainable viticulture in Mediterranean climate. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1379642. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1379642
Ponstein H.J., Meyer-Aurich A., Prochnow A. 2019. Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options for German wine production. J. Clean. Prod. 212:800–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.206
Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia. 2003. Regolamento Di Modifica al Regolamento Recante La Classificazione Delle Varietà Di Viti per Uve Da Vino Coltivabili Nella Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia. Decreto Del Presidente Della Regione 9 Settembre 2003, n. 321. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/economia-imprese/agricoltura-foreste/FOGLIA10/allegati/DPREG_321_2003_aggiornato_2023.docx&ved=2ahUKEwjQ4ZmlitSJAxWF2gIHHV9FKrAQFnoECBoQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3HAIgq4355cJTk_FQ782Wt
Regione Puglia. 2003. Classificazione Regionale Delle Varietà Di Viti per La Produzione Di Vino. Deliberazione Della Giunta Regionale n. 1371/2003. https://www.regione.puglia.it/documents/1662405/2632836/DGR+1371_2003.pdf/1fb5f0a1-71b6-bd88-0f8d-9f38936ecdf1?t=1646131434695
Reinhardt T. and Ambrogio Y. 2023. Geographical Indications and Sustainable Viticulture: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Sustainability. 15(23): 16318. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316318.
Ricciardi V., Crespan M., Maddalena G., Migliaro D., Brancadoro L., Maghradze D., Failla O., Toffolatti S. L., De Lorenzis G. 2024. Novel Loci Associated with Resistance to Downy and Powdery Mildew in Grapevine. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1386225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1386225
Rousseau J., Chanfreau S., Bontemps É. 2013. Les Cépages Résistants and Maladies Cryptogamiques. Bordeaux: Groupe ICV.
Sellers-Rubio R. and Nicolau-Gonzalbez J.L. 2016. Estimating the willingness to pay for a sustainable Wine Using a Heckit Model. WEP. 5 (2): 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wep.2016.09.002
Sillani S., Marangon F., Gallenti G., Troiano S., Nassivera F., Carzedda M. 2022. Designation and certification strategies for fungus-resistant grape wines: An exploratory study in Italy. Sustainability. 14(22): 14871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214871
Springer L.F. and Sacks G.L. 2014. Protein-precipitable tannin in wines from Vitis Vinifera and interspecific hybrid grapes (Vitis Ssp.): Differences in concentration, extractability, and cell wall binding’. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62(30): 7515–23. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5023274
Teissedre P.L. 2018. Composition of grape and wine from resistant vines varieties. OENO One. 52(3): 211–17. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.3.2223
Van Der Meer M., Weibel F., Lévite D., Häseli A. 2010. Acceptation Des Vins de Cépages Résistants Par Les Consommateurs. R.S.V.A.H. 42(2): 147–50.
Van Leeuwen C. 2010. Terroir: The effect of the physical environment on vine growth, grape ripening and wine sensory attributes. In Managing Wine Quality, 273–315. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845699284.3.273
Van Leeuwen C. and Seguin G. 2006. The concept of terroir in viticulture. J. Wine Res. 17(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571260600633135
Webb L.B., Whetton P.H., Barlow E.W.R. 2011. Observed trends in winegrape maturity in Australia: Observed trends in winegrape maturity in Aust. Glob. Change Biol. 17(8): 2707–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02434.x
Bavaresco L., Vercesi A., Belvini P., Dalla Costa L., Fogal J., Marcon L., Masaro L., et al. 2023. Agronomic performance of 21 new disease resistant winegrape varieties grown in northeast Italy. VITIS 62(5): 81–87. https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2023.62.SPECIAL-ISSUE.81-87
Blanco, Ileana, Massimiliano Cardinale, Corrado Domanda, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Piergiorgio Romano, Gianni Zorzi, and Laura Rustioni. 2024. Mulching with municipal solid waste (MSW) compost has beneficial side effects on vineyard soil compared to mulching with synthetic films. Horticulturae. 10(7): 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070769
Borrello M., Cembalo L., Vecchio R. 2021. Consumers’ acceptance of fungus resistant Grapes: Future scenarios in sustainable winemaking. J. Clean. Prod. 307(127318). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127318
Capros P., Zazias G., Evangelopoulou S., Kannavou M., Fotiou T., Siskos P., De Vita A., Sakellaris K. 2019. Energy-system modelling of the EU Strategy towards Climate-Neutrality. Energy Policy 134(110960). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110960
Casassa L.F. and Harbertson J.F. 2014. Extraction, evolution, and sensory impact of phenolic compounds during red wine maceration. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 5:83–109. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092438
Celotti E., Valent R., Bellantuono E. 2020. Varietà Resistenti e Tocai Friulano Incontro, Possibile, Fra Tradizione e Innovazione. Il Corriere Vinicolo. 33:16–17.
Daldoul S., Boubakri H., Gargouri M., Mliki A. 2020. Recent advances in biotechnological studies on wild grapevines as valuable resistance sources for smart viticulture. Mol. Biol. Rep. 47(4): 3141–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05363-0
De Rosso M., Panighel A., Maoz I., Carraro R., Tarricone L., Masi G., Roccotelli S., Rizzo M., Flamini R. 2023. Study of resistant vine varieties cultivated in dry environment and suitable to produce high-quality wines without using pesticides by high-resolution MS. In: Abstracts book:53–54. Torino (TO), Italy.
Ducroz F. 2006. Mesures de Produits Phytosanitaires Dans l’air En Anjou, Campagne de Mesures Été 2006’. Air Pays de Loire.
Duley G., Ceci A.T., Longo E., Boselli E. 2023. Oenological potential of wines produced from disease-resistant grape cultivars. CRFSFS. 22(4): 2591–2610. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.13155
European Commission. 2020. A Farm to Fork Strategy for a Fair, Healthy and Environmentally-Friendly Food System. COM(2020) 381. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:ea0f9f73-9ab2-11ea-9d2d-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF
European Parliament. 2021. Regulation (EU) 2021/2177. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021R2117#d1e39-262-1
Fahey D. and Englefield A. 2018. Breeding new resistant grapevine varieties. In: Grapevine Management Guide 2018 –19, 17–20. Department of Primary Industries.
Foria S., Monte C., Testolin R., Di Gaspero G., Cipriani G. 2019. Pyramidizing resistance genes in grape: A breeding program for the selection of elite cultivars. Acta Hortic. 1248: 549–54. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1248.73
Fuller K.B., Alston J.M., Sambucci O.S. 2014. The value of powdery mildew resistance in grapes: Evidence from California. WEP. 3(2): 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wep.2014.09.001
Gonçalves E., Carrasquinho I., Martins A. 2020. Measure to evaluate the sensitivity to genotype‐by‐environment interaction in grapevine clones. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 26(3): 259–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12432
González-Centeno M.R., Chira K., Miramont C., Escudier J.L., Samson A., Salmon J. M., Ojeda H., Teissedre P.L. 2019. Disease resistant bouquet vine varieties: Assessment of the phenolic, aromatic, and sensory potential of their wines. Biomolecules. 9(12): 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9120793
IPCC. 2023. AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023. AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/.
Katherine L.C. and Roger L.B. 2013. Critical environmental concerns in wine production: An integrative review. J. Clean. 53:232–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.007.
Kilmister R.L., Mazza M., Baker N.K., Faulkner P. and Downey M.O. 2014. A role for anthocyanin in determining wine tannin concentration in Shiraz’. Food Chem. 152:475–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.007
Mailly F., Hossard L., Barbier J.M., Thiollet-Scholtus M., Gary C. 2017. Quantifying the impact of crop protection practices on pesticide use in wine-growing systems. Eur. J. Agron. 84:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.12.005.
Manns D.C., Coquard Lenerz C.T.M., Mansfield A.K. 2013. Impact of processing parameters on the phenolic profile of wines produced from hybrid red grapes maréchal foch, corot noir, and marquette. J. Food Sci. 78(5):696-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12108
Mansfield A.K. and Vickers Z.M. 2009. Characterization of the aroma of red frontenac table wines by descriptive analysis. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 60(4): 435–41. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2009.60.4.435
Mian G., Iseppi L., Traversari G., Ermacora P., Cipriani G., Nassivera F. 2022. Consumers perceptions and motivations in the choice of kiwifruits: A study-case in Italy, North-East. Qual—Access Success. 23(188). https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.188.23
Miclot A.S., Delmotte F., Bourg J., Mazet I.D., Fabre F., Delière L. 2022. Four years of monitoring of disease-resistant grapevine varieties in French vineyards. BIO Web Conf. 50:02008. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225002008
Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. 2015. Decreto 4 Agosto 2015 - Modifiche Ed Integrazioni al Registro Nazionale Delle Varieta’ Di Vite. GU Serie Generale n.199 Del 28-08-2015. 15A06340.
Muthmann R. and Nadin P. 2007. The use of plant protection products in the European Union, Data 1992-2003. 2007 ed. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Nesselhauf L., Fleuchaus R., Theuvsen L. 2019. What about the environment?: A choice-based conjoint study about wine from fungus-resistant grape varieties. Int. J. Wine Bus. Res. 32(1): 96–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWBR-09-2018-0049
Nikolić D. Ranković-Vasić Z. Petrović A., Radojević I., Jovanović-Cvetković T. Sivčev B. 2017. Effect of genotype x environment interactions of grapevine hybrids characteristics. Edited by Aurand J.M. BIO Web. Conf. 9:01018. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20170901018
Paul H.W. 1996. The Fall of the hybrid empire and the vinifera victory. In: Science, Vine and Wine in Modern France, 1st ed., 99–120. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529283
Pedneault K., Gagné M.P., Slegers A., Angers P. 2014. Phenolic and aroma composition of grapes and wines from five hybrid grape varieties used in northern wine production. In: Annual Conference of the American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. Austin, USA.
Pedneault K. and Provost C. 2016. Fungus resistant grape varieties as a suitable alternative for organic wine production: Benefits, limits, and challenges. J. Hortic. 208:57–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.016
Pedneault K., Shan Ching Seong M. and Angers P. 2012. Determination of quality attributes driving consumer acceptance of cold hardy grape wines produced in Quebec. In: Neubrandenberg, Germany: Unpublished. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1902.4326
Piarulli L., Pirolo C., Roseti V., Bellin D., Mascio I., La Notte P., Montemurro C., Monica Marilena Miazzi M.M. 2024. Breeding new seedless table grapevines for a more sustainable viticulture in Mediterranean climate. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1379642. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1379642
Ponstein H.J., Meyer-Aurich A., Prochnow A. 2019. Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options for German wine production. J. Clean. Prod. 212:800–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.206
Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia. 2003. Regolamento Di Modifica al Regolamento Recante La Classificazione Delle Varietà Di Viti per Uve Da Vino Coltivabili Nella Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia. Decreto Del Presidente Della Regione 9 Settembre 2003, n. 321. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/economia-imprese/agricoltura-foreste/FOGLIA10/allegati/DPREG_321_2003_aggiornato_2023.docx&ved=2ahUKEwjQ4ZmlitSJAxWF2gIHHV9FKrAQFnoECBoQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3HAIgq4355cJTk_FQ782Wt
Regione Puglia. 2003. Classificazione Regionale Delle Varietà Di Viti per La Produzione Di Vino. Deliberazione Della Giunta Regionale n. 1371/2003. https://www.regione.puglia.it/documents/1662405/2632836/DGR+1371_2003.pdf/1fb5f0a1-71b6-bd88-0f8d-9f38936ecdf1?t=1646131434695
Reinhardt T. and Ambrogio Y. 2023. Geographical Indications and Sustainable Viticulture: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Sustainability. 15(23): 16318. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316318.
Ricciardi V., Crespan M., Maddalena G., Migliaro D., Brancadoro L., Maghradze D., Failla O., Toffolatti S. L., De Lorenzis G. 2024. Novel Loci Associated with Resistance to Downy and Powdery Mildew in Grapevine. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1386225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1386225
Rousseau J., Chanfreau S., Bontemps É. 2013. Les Cépages Résistants and Maladies Cryptogamiques. Bordeaux: Groupe ICV.
Sellers-Rubio R. and Nicolau-Gonzalbez J.L. 2016. Estimating the willingness to pay for a sustainable Wine Using a Heckit Model. WEP. 5 (2): 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wep.2016.09.002
Sillani S., Marangon F., Gallenti G., Troiano S., Nassivera F., Carzedda M. 2022. Designation and certification strategies for fungus-resistant grape wines: An exploratory study in Italy. Sustainability. 14(22): 14871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214871
Springer L.F. and Sacks G.L. 2014. Protein-precipitable tannin in wines from Vitis Vinifera and interspecific hybrid grapes (Vitis Ssp.): Differences in concentration, extractability, and cell wall binding’. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62(30): 7515–23. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5023274
Teissedre P.L. 2018. Composition of grape and wine from resistant vines varieties. OENO One. 52(3): 211–17. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.3.2223
Van Der Meer M., Weibel F., Lévite D., Häseli A. 2010. Acceptation Des Vins de Cépages Résistants Par Les Consommateurs. R.S.V.A.H. 42(2): 147–50.
Van Leeuwen C. 2010. Terroir: The effect of the physical environment on vine growth, grape ripening and wine sensory attributes. In Managing Wine Quality, 273–315. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845699284.3.273
Van Leeuwen C. and Seguin G. 2006. The concept of terroir in viticulture. J. Wine Res. 17(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571260600633135
Webb L.B., Whetton P.H., Barlow E.W.R. 2011. Observed trends in winegrape maturity in Australia: Observed trends in winegrape maturity in Aust. Glob. Change Biol. 17(8): 2707–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02434.x
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Rossetti, G., De Rosa, V., Morleo, A., Fortunato Maci, F., Tarricone, L., Falchi, R., Paradiso, V. M., & Rustioni, L. (n.d.). Sensory profile of wines produced from disease-resistant grapevine varieties grown in the Mediterranean area. Italian Journal of Food Science, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.15586/
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Rossetti, G., De Rosa, V., Morleo, A., Fortunato Maci, F., Tarricone, L., Falchi, R., Paradiso, V. M., & Rustioni, L. (n.d.). Sensory profile of wines produced from disease-resistant grapevine varieties grown in the Mediterranean area. Italian Journal of Food Science, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.15586/