Essential oils of marrubium peregrinum resisted ethanol-induced
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Keywords
Abstract
Marrubium peregrinum has been acknowledged as a traditional therapeutic plant that relieves stomach aches and gastrointestinal disorders. The present investigation evaluates the acute toxicity and gastroprotective potential of the essential oil of Marrubium peregrinum (EOMP) in absolute ethanol-mediated ulceration. It identifies the molecular pathways that underlie its bioactivities. The anti-ulcer potentials of EOMP (100 and 200 mg/kg) were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Moreover, toxicological evaluation included behavioral, biochemical, and histological alterations that could occur because of EOMP ingestion.
Pre-treatment with EOMP (100 and 200 mg/kg) noticeably reduced the severity of gastric injury mediated by absolute ethanol and lowered hemorrhagic and gastric tissue disruptions. OEMP ingestion (100 and 200 mg/kg) one hour before ethanol delivery significantly inhibited lesion incidence by 73.72 % and 77.65 %, respectively. EOMP supplementation resisted ethanol-induced histological alterations and restored gastric defensive factors (increasing mucin secretion and pH). Moreover, EOMP-treated rats exhibited higher HSP 70 and lower Bax proteins, parallel with increased prostaglandin E2, catalase, and superoxide dismutase contents. The ethanol-mediated oxidative stress (MDA) and gastric inflammation (TNF-α, interleukin-6) were significantly mimicked as a result of EOMP pre-treatments.
The Toxicity evaluation evidenced the safety ingestion of up to 2 g/kg EOMP in rats without any noticeable morbidity throughout the two-week toxicity trial.
These outcomes present the prophylactic effect of EOMP against ethanol-mediated stomach toxicity by strengthening gastric defense factors, increasing endogenous antioxidants, lowering inflammatory mediators, and reducing apoptotic actions. Altogether, they contributed to faster gastric tissue recovery as a result of EOMP pretreatments, without any toxicity incidence.
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Mohanty, S., Ray, A., Sahoo, C., Sahoo, A., Jena, S., Panda, P.C., Nayak, S., 2023. Volatile profiling coupled with multivariate analysis, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities of rhizome essential oil of four Hedychium species from India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 317116835. 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116835
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Nam, H.H., Choo, B.K., 2021. Geranium koreanum, a medicinal plant Geranii Herba, ameliorate the gastric mucosal injury in gastritis-induced mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 265. 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113041
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Aitbaba, A., Hamid, K., Agouram, F., Hajar, A., Ouamnina, A., Rachida, A., Loubna, E.Y., Zahra, S., et al., 2024. Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic properties of Marrubium vulgare aqueous extract in an animal model. Nat. Prod. Res. 1–9. 10.1080/14786419.2024.2372656
Akcakavak, G., Kazak, F., Karatas, O., Alakus, H., Alakus, I., Kirgiz, O., Celik, Z., Yilmaz Deveci, M.Z., et al., 2024. Eucalyptol regulates Nrf2 and NF-kB signaling and alleviates gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats by downregulating oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 34(4):413–422. 10.1080/15376516.2023.2297234
Akgül, G., Ketenoğlu, O., Pinar, N.M., Kurt, L., 2008. Pollen and seed morphology of the genus Marrubium (Lamiaceae) in Turkey, In: Annales Botanici Fennici. JSTOR, pp. 1–10.
Al-Qaisi, T.S., Jabbar, A.A.J., Raouf, M.M.H.M., Berwary, N.J.A., Al-Balas, Q., Abdul-Samad Ismail, P., Saber, M.H., Mothana, R.A., et al., 2025a. A Traditional Gum Exudate From Ameliorates Etha-Nol-Mediated Gastric Ulcer in Rats: Possible Molecular Mechanisms. Food Sci. Nutr. 13(3):e70049. 10.1002/fsn3.70049
Al-Qaisi, T.S., Jabbar, A.A.J., Raouf, M.M.H.M., Ismail, P.A.-S., Mothana, R.A., Al-Yousef, H.M., Hassan, R.R., Abdulla, M.A., et al., 2025b. The Gastroprotective Effects of Salvia indica L. and Selenium In Vivo Study. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 10.1007/s12011-025-04530-3
Alamri, Z.Z., 2024. Apigenin attenuates indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: emphasis on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and TGF-β1 enhancing activities. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol. 1–12.
Bektasevic, M., Jurin, M., Roje, M., Politeo, O., 2023. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity and cholinesterase inhibition potential of essential oil and extracts of Teucrium montanum from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Separations 10(8):421.
Boonyong, C., Angkhasirisap, W., Kengkoom, K., Jianmongkol, S., 2023. Different protective capability of chlorogenic acid and quercetin against indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal ulceration. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 75(3):427–436. 10.1093/jpp/rgac098
Çevik, N., Kizilkaya, B., Türker, G., 2012. the Condensed Tannin Content of Fresh Fruits Cultivated in Ida Mountains , Çanakkale, Turkey. New Knowl. J. Sci. 249–51.
Chemicals, D., 2005. OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals. Organ. Econ. Co-operation Dev. Paris, Fr. 1–13.
Delgado, C., Mendez-Callejas, G., Celis, C., 2021. Caryophyllene oxide, the active compound isolated from leaves of Hymenaea courbaril L.(Fabaceae) with antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on PC-3 androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line. Molecules 26(20):6142.
Demiroz Akbulut, T., Aydin Kose, F., Demirci, B., Baykan, S., 2023. Chemical Profile and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Aerial Parts of Marrubium vulgare L. From Different Locations in Turkey. Chem. Biodivers. 20(4):e202201188. 10.1002/cbdv.202201188
Demiroz Akbulut, T., Demirci, B., Baykan, S., 2020. Essential oils of Marrubium L. taxa from aegian province of Turkey. J. Essent. Oil Res. 32(6):485–493.
Demiroz Akbulut, T., Serdar, D., Karrar Ali Mohammed Hasan, A., Ayse, N., and Baykan, S., 2024. Anti-inflammatory phenolic glycosides from endemic Marrubium rotundifolium Boiss. Nat. Prod. Res. 1–9. 10.1080/14786419.2024.2379011
El-Shiekh, R.A., Salama, A., Al-Mokaddem, A.K., Bader, A., Abdel-Sattar, E.A., 2021. Russelioside B; A pregnane glycoside for treatment of gastric ulcer via modulation of heat shock protein-70 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Steroids 165. 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108759
El Bardai, S., Hamaide, M.-C., Lyoussi, B., Quetin-Leclercq, J., Morel, N., Wibo, M., 2004. Marrubenol interacts with the phenylalkylamine binding site of the L-type calcium channel. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 492(2–3):269–272.
Espinosa-Juárez, J.V., Arrieta, J., Briones-Aranda, A., Cruz-Antonio, L., López-Lorenzo, Y., Sánchez-Mendoza, M.E., 2024. Synergistic Antinociceptive Effect of β-Caryophyllene Oxide in Combination with Paracetamol, and the Corresponding Gastroprotective Activity. Biomedicines 12(5):1037.
Esteves, I., Souza, I.R., Rodrigues, M., Cardoso, L.G.V., Santos, L.S., Sertie, J.A.A., Perazzo, F.F., Lima, L.M., et al., 2005. Gastric antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Casearia sylvestris Sw. J. Ethnopharmacol. 101(1):191–196. 10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.020
Forsyth, C.B., Voigt, R.M., Keshavarzian, A., 2014. Intestinal CYP2E1: A mediator of alcohol-induced gut leakiness. Redox Biol. 340–46. 10.1016/j.redox.2014.10.002
Gao, J., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Tong, C., Wang, Q., Piao, Y., 2022. Curcumin treatment attenuates cisplatin-induced gastric mucosal inflammation and apoptosis through the NF-κ B and MAPKs signaling pathway. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 419603271221128738. 10.1177/09603271221128738
Göğer, F., Özek, G., Tekin, M., Yur, S., Özek, T., 2019. Phytochemical Profiling and Evaluation of Marrubium sivasense Aytaç, Akgül & Ekici for Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition Effects on α-Amylase, Lipoxygenase, Xanthine Oxidase and Tyrosinase Enzymes. J. Turkish Chem. Soc. Sect. A Chem. 6(3):281–292.
Gyuzeleva, D., Benina, M., Ivanova, V., Vatov, E., Alseekh, S., Mladenova, T., Mladenov, R., Todorov, K., et al., 2023. Metabolome Profiling of Marrubium peregrinum L. and Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss Reveals Their Potential as Sources of Plant-Based Pharmaceuticals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10.3390/ijms242317035
He, Q., Liu, M., Rong, Z., Liang, H., Xu, X., Sun, S., Lei, Y., Li, P., et al., 2022. Rebamipide attenuates alcohol-induced gastric epithelial cell injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and activating autophagy-related proteins. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 922174891. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174891
Jonsson, M., Jestoi, M., Nathanail, A. V., Kokkonen, U.-M., Anttila, M., Koivisto, P., Karhunen, P., Peltonen, K., 2013. Application of OECD Guideline 423 in assessing the acute oral toxicity of moniliformin. Food Chem. Toxicol. 5327–32.
Kaurinovic, B., Vlaisavljevic, S., Popovic, M., Vastag, D., Djurendic-Brenesel, M., 2010. Antioxidant properties of Marrubium peregrinum L.(Lamiaceae) essential oil. Molecules 15(9):5943–5955.
Liu, Y., Sui, D., Fu, W., Sun, L., Li, Y., Yu, P., Yu, X., Zhou, Y., et al., 2021. Protective effects of polysaccharides from Panax ginseng on acute gastric ulcers induced by ethanol in rats. Food Funct. 12(6):2741–2749. 10.1039/d0fo02947e
Lu, H.-F., Chie, Y.-J., Yang, M.-S., Lee, C.-S., Fu, J.-J., Yang, J.-S., Tan, T.-W., Wu, S.-H., et al., 2010. Apigenin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in human lung cancer A549 cells through Bax-and Bcl-2-triggered mitochondrial pathway. Int. J. Oncol. 36(6):1477–1484.
Mahmoud Al-Adwan, S., Talal, S.A.-Q., Ahmed, A.J., Parween, A.I., Mohammed, M.H.M.R., Hanan, I.A., Roaa, A.T., Bassam, A.A.W., et al., 2025. Anchusa officinalis accelerates wound healing via the improvement of transforming growth factor beta 1 expressions, antioxidant levels, and inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 21–14. 10.1080/15569527.2025.2481145
Mannoubi, I., El, Seham Hassan, B., Nuha Mohammad, A., Syed, N., and Zabin, S.A., 2023. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of Nepeta deflersiana Schweinf. Ex Hedge and Marrubium vulgare L. essential oils: a comparative study. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 26(5):1101–1122. 10.1080/0972060X.2023.2282577
Meyre-Silva, C., Cechinel-Filho, V., 2010. A review of the chemical and pharmacological aspects of the genus marrubium. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16(31):3503–3518.
Moawad, H., El Awdan, S.A., Sallam, N.A., El-Eraky, W.I., Alkhawlani, M.A., 2019. Gastroprotective effect of cilostazol against ethanol-and pylorus ligation–induced gastric lesions in rats. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol. 392(12):. 10.1007/s00210-019-01699-y
Mohammed, M.T., Al-Qaisi, T.S., Jabbar, A.A.J., Raouf, M.M.H.M., Ismail, P.A., Mothana, R.A., Fantoukh, O.I., hassan, R.R., et al., 2025. Prophylactic Effects of Rhamnetin Flavonoid on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration by Modulating HSP 70/Bax, SOD/MDA and TNF-α/IL-10. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 52(4):e70029. 10.1111/1440-1681.70029
Mohanty, S., Ray, A., Sahoo, C., Sahoo, A., Jena, S., Panda, P.C., Nayak, S., 2023. Volatile profiling coupled with multivariate analysis, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities of rhizome essential oil of four Hedychium species from India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 317116835. 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116835
Nagy, M., Svajdlenka, E., 1998. Comparison of Essential Oils from Marrubium vulgare L. and M. peregrinum L. J. Essent. Oil Res. 10(5):585–587.
Nam, H.H., Choo, B.K., 2021. Geranium koreanum, a medicinal plant Geranii Herba, ameliorate the gastric mucosal injury in gastritis-induced mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 265. 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113041
Parvin, S., Reza, A., Das, S., Miah, M.M.U., Karim, S., 2023. Potential role and international trade of medicinal and aromatic plants in the world. Eur. J. Agric. Food Sci. 5(5):89–99.
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Jan 1, 2026
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Come citare
Abdul-Aziz Ahmed, K., Alqaisi, K. M., Ayad Ibrahim, N., A.J. Jabbar, A., A. Al-Balas, Q., S.M. Al-Saleem, M., Rizgar Hassan, R., Noori Salih, G., Haydar Saber, M., Ibrahim Althagbi, H., Y. Al-Humaidi, J., M. Rahman, M., Hameed Al-Dabhawi, A., & Salem Al-Qaisi, T. (2026). Essential oils of marrubium peregrinum resisted ethanol-induced. Italian Journal of Food Science, 38(1), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v38i1.3213
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Original Article
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Come citare
Abdul-Aziz Ahmed, K., Alqaisi, K. M., Ayad Ibrahim, N., A.J. Jabbar, A., A. Al-Balas, Q., S.M. Al-Saleem, M., Rizgar Hassan, R., Noori Salih, G., Haydar Saber, M., Ibrahim Althagbi, H., Y. Al-Humaidi, J., M. Rahman, M., Hameed Al-Dabhawi, A., & Salem Al-Qaisi, T. (2026). Essential oils of marrubium peregrinum resisted ethanol-induced. Italian Journal of Food Science, 38(1), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v38i1.3213