Inhaled and ingested smoke: The health effects of tobacco and smoked foods
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Keywords
Abstract
In this paper we fulfil our precedent commitment on dangers associated with smoke, not discussed for its com-plexity in a previous paper published on food labels in IJFS n.1, 2025. We structured this final article in two sections: (i) the health effects of tobacco smoking and (ii) the health effects of smoked foods.
Riferimenti bibliografici
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Scala M, Dallera G, Gorini G, Achille J, Havermans A, Neto C, et al. Patterns of use of heated tobacco products: A comprehensive systematic review. J Epidemiol. 2025. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20240189
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WHO. World Health Organization: Tobacco, 31 July 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
AMALTEA. Available from: http://amaltea.vete.unimi.it/docenti/pcattaneo/AGRVET14affumicamento.pdf
Anonymous. Cigarettes and other tobacco products DrugFacts. National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; US Department of Health and Human Services. 2021.
Bittoni MA, Carbone DP, Harris RE. Vaping, smoking and lung cancer risk. J Oncol Res Ther. 2024;9(3):10229. doi: 10.29011/2574-710x.10229
CEIRSA. Available from: https://www.ceirsa.org/elenco.php?codice=FF&anno=0620CIBO360 https://www.cibo360.it/alimentazione/chimica/conservazione/affumicamento.htm
Cerrai S et al, Benedetti E, Colasante E, Scalese M, Gorini G, Gallus S, et al. E-cigarette use and conventional cigarette smoking among European students: Findings from the 2019 ESPAD survey. Addiction. 2022;117:2918–2932. doi: 10.1111/add.15982
CDC. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004.
Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328:1519. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE
EFSA1. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/it
EFSA2. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/topics/topic/smoke-flavourings#:~:text=L%27EFSA%20pubblica%20una%20guida%20aggiornata%20sui%20dati%20scientifici,o%20la%20modifica%20di%20autorizzazioni%20gi%C3%A0%20in%20essere.
Eurobarometer. Special Eurobarometer 539. Attitudes of Europeans towards tobacco and related products May–June 2023. Available from: https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2995
EUROCARNI L’affumicatura. Eurocarni. 2020;8:118–121.
Gallus S, et al. Stival C, McKee M, Carreras G, Gorini G, Odone A, et al. Impact of electronic cigarette and heated tobacco product on conventional smoking: An Italian prospective cohort study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tob Control. 2024;33(2):267–270. doi: 10.1136/tc-2022-057368
Garattini S, Fantozzi P. Product labels and advertising: Are consumers protected or misled? IJFS.
2025;37(1):1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i1.2843
GBD. Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021. 2025. Available from: http://ihmeuw.org/6xca
GBD Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337–2360. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7
Glantz SA, Nguyen N, Oliveira da Silva AL. Population-based disease odds for e-cigarettes and dual use versus cigarettes. NEJM Evid. 2024;3(3):EVIDoa2300229. doi: 10.1056/EVIDoa2300229
Herzog C, Jones A, Evans I, Raut JR, Zikan M, Cibula D, et al. Cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use induce shared DNA methylation changes linked to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2024;84(11):1898–1914. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-23-2957
IARC. IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 100E. A review of human carcinogens—Personal habits and indoor combustions. Lyon, France; 2012.
Joossens L, Olefir L, Feliu A, Fernandez E. The Tobacco Control Scale 2021 in Europe. Smoke Free Partnership; Catalan Institute of Oncology; 2022. [cited 2024 Apr 29]. Available from: https://www.tobaccocontrolscale.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/TCS-Report-2021-Interactive-V4.pdf
Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(2):116–128. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4.
Lindson N, Butler AR, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hajek P, Begh R, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;10(10):CD010216. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub4
LIQUID. Available from: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumo_liquido#cite_note-History-1
Mishra S, Mishra MB. Tobacco: Its historical, cultural, oral, and periodontal health association. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013;3(1):12–18. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.115708
Scala M, Dallera G, Gorini G, Achille J, Havermans A, Neto C, et al. Patterns of use of heated tobacco products: A comprehensive systematic review. J Epidemiol. 2025. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20240189
SCUBLA. Available from: https://scublacompany.com/blog/linee-guida-sullaffumicatura/
UNILEV.1. Available from: https://www.unileverfoodsolutions.it/ispirazione-per-gli-chef/le-tecniche-di-cotturaincucina/affumicatura.html#:~:text=Gli%20alimenti%20generalmente%20pi%C3%B9%20trattati%20con%20questa%20tecnica,2%20marinatura%203%20cottura%204%20affumicatura%205%20consumo
UNILEVER 2. Available from: https://www.unileverfoodsolutions.it/ispirazione-per-gli-chef/le-tecniche-di-cottura-in-cucina/affumicatura.html
WHO. World Health Organization Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021. Addressing new and emerging products. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/tobacco-control/global-tobacco-report-2021
WHO. World Health Organization: Tobacco, 31 July 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
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Pubblicato
Apr 24, 2025
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Come citare
Garattini, S., Gallus , S. ., & Fantozzi, P. (2025). Inhaled and ingested smoke: The health effects of tobacco and smoked foods. Italian Journal of Food Science, 37(2), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i2.3109
Sezione
Opinion Paper
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License for Published Contents
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Come citare
Garattini, S., Gallus , S. ., & Fantozzi, P. (2025). Inhaled and ingested smoke: The health effects of tobacco and smoked foods. Italian Journal of Food Science, 37(2), 440-450. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v37i2.3109