Potato peel as substrate for Single Cell Protein in animal feed by submerged fermentation
Main Article Content
Keywords
bioreactor, optimization of SCP production, Rhizopus oligosporus, single cell protein, submerged fermentation
Abstract
Single-cell protein (SCP) has gained attention in scientific research as a vital source of protein in animal feed and human food. Taking into account the importance of SCP, an attempt was made in the current research to grow Rhizopus oligosporus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass by selecting potato peel as a substrate. The potato peel was treated with sulfuric acid to form potato peel hydrolysate following acid hydrolysis. In 1.0-L potato peel hydrolysate, 2.5-g/L KH2PO4, 0.5-g/L MgSO4, 0.5-g/L NaCl, and 10 g/L yeast extract were taken to prepare growth media. The moisture content of potato peel was examined by following standard procedure of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). The Kjeldahl method was used to determine the protein content, and glucose was examined by using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Optimization of SCP yield was accomplished by following the ‘one factor at a time’ method. The effect of each parameter, such as incubation period, temperature and pH on SCP production was analyzed. Bioreactor scale-up production of SCP was performed in a jar fermenter. To enhance SCP, yield co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhizopus oligosporus was used in a bioreactor that yielded 19 g/L of SCP. Thus, as a nutritional supplement for living organisms, SCP can effectively fulfill protein scarcity globally.
References
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Khatoon, N., Ullah, N., Sarwar, A., Aziz, T., Alharbi, M., and Alshammri, A. 2023. Isolation and Identification of Protease Producing Bacillus strain from Cold Climate Soil and Optimization of its Production by applying Different Fermentation Conditions. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 21(4): 3391–3401. 10.15666/aeer/2104_33913401
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Li, Z., Tian-Tian, L., Aziz, T., Min, Z., Sarwar, A., Zhennai, Y., et al. 2023. Purification of Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) by fermentation with Kluyveromyces lactis and Interaction between GOS and casein under simulated acidic fermentation conditions. World J Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39(12): 342. 10.1007/s11274-023-03791-1
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Nadeem, H. 2021. Conversion of potato peels into single cell protein. Futur Biotechnol, 1(2): 9–13. 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.26
Oshoma, C.E., and Eguakun-Owie, S.O. 2018. Conversion of food waste to single cell protein using Aspergillus niger. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 22(3): 350–355. 10.4314/jasem.v22i3.10
Oshoma, C.E., Eguakun-Owie, S.O., and Obuekwe, I.S. 2019. Utilization of banana peel as a substrate for single cell protein and amylase production by Aspergillus niger. Afr Scientist. 18(3): 143–150.
Ouedraogo, N., Savadogo, A., Somda, M.K., Zongo, C., and Traore, A.S. 2017. Effect of mineral salts and nitrogen source on yeast (Candida utilis NOY1) biomass production using tubers wastes. Afr J Biotechnol. 16(8): 359–365. 10.5897/AJB2016.15801
Perveen, I., Bukhari, B., Sarwar, A., Aziz, T., Kosar, N., Younas, H. et al. 2023. Applications and Efficacy of Lacto-Fermentation and Submerged cultivation of Edible Mushrooms: From Traditional to Emerging Trends in Production Techniques. Biomass Conv. Bioref, 1–10. 10.1007/s13399-023-04694-9.
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Shehzadi, A., Chaudhary, A., Aihetasham, A., Hussain, N., Naz, S., Aziz, T., and Alasmari, A.F. 2024. Determination of hydrolyzing and ethanolic potential of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from fruit waste. Ital. J. of Food Sci. 36(1): 127–141. 10.15586/ijfs.v36i1.2470
Spalvins, K., Zihare, L., and Blumberga, D. 2018. Single cell protein production from waste biomass: comparison of various industrial by-products. Energy procedia, 147: 409–418.
Shah, T.A., Majeed, T., Rahman, S.R., Ihsan, T., Aziz, T., Alharbi, M., Alasmari, A.F., and Alshammari, A. 2023. Synergistic Treatment of Crude Enzymes from Bacillus sp. Strains to Boost Anaerobic Fermentation of Rice Straw. Bio. Conv., and Bioref. 1–9. 10.1007/s13399-023-05090-z.
Suman, A., Yadav, A. N., and Verma, P. 2016. Endophytic microbes in crops: diversity and beneficial impact for sustainable agriculture. Microbial inoculants in sustainable agricultural productivity. Res. Persp. 1: 117–143.
Tian, Y., Li, J., Meng, J., and Li, J. 2023. High-yield production of single-cell protein from starch processing wastewater using co-cultivation of yeasts. Bioresour Technol. 370: 128527. 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128527
Uçkun, K.E., Trzcinski, A.P., and Liu, Y. 2015. Platform chemical production from food wastes using a biorefinery concept. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 90(8): 1364–1379.
Ullah, N., Mujaddad-ur-Rehman, M., Sarwar, A., Nadeem M., Nelofar R., Irfan M., Idrees M. et al. 2023. Effect of bioprocess parameters on alkaline protease production by locally isolated Bacillus cereus AUST-7 using tannery waste in submerged fermentation. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 1–9. 10.1007/s13399-023-04498-x
Ullah, N., Rehman, M.U., Sarwar, A., Nadeem, M., Nelofer, R., Shakir, H.A., Irfan, M. et al. 2022. Purification, Characterization, and Application of Alkaline Protease Enzyme from a Locally Isolated Bacillus cereus Strain. Fermentation. 8: 628. 10.3390/fermentation8110628
Zhou, Z., Sarwar, A., Xue, R., Hu, G., Wu, J., Aziz, T., Alasmari, A.F. et al. 2023. Metabolomics analysis of potential functional metabolites in synbiotic ice cream made with probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-745 and prebiotic inulin. Food Chem, 454:139839. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139839.
Abdullahi, N., Dandago, M.A., and Yunusa, A.K. 2021. Review on production of single-cell protein from food wastes. Turk J Agric Food Sci Technol. 9(6): 968–974. 10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.968-974.3758
Afsar, M., Zia, A., Us Salam, M.B., Ahmad, M.N., Khan, A.A., Ul-Haq, T., Aziz, T., et al. 2024. A multifaceted analysis of spent mushroom substrate of selected oyster mushrooms for enzymatic activity, proximate composition, and antimicrobial activity. Ital. J of Food Sci. 36(1): 165–174. 10.15586/ijfs.v36i1.2457
Allah, A.S., and Salem, A. 2021. Production of single-cell protein from some fruit peels. Ann Agric Sci Moshtohor. 59(3): 755–762. 10.21608/assjm.2021.207308
Arifeen, S., Jamil, J., Sarwar, A., Ullah, N., Nelofar, R., Aziz, T., et al. 2024. Biosynthesis and Optimization of Amylase from Bacillus Sp Isolated from Soil Samples using Agro Industrial Waste as a Substrate. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 22(4): 2927–2940. 10.15666/aeer/2204_29272940
Arooj, S., Iftikhar, T., Mustafa, S., Ullah, N., Nelofar, R., Rahman, S., Aziz, T. et al. 2023. Optimization of Critical Medium Components for lipase production by Neurospora crassa in Solid state fermentation. Bio. Conver., and Bioref. 1–8. 10.1007/s13399-023-05081-0
Aziz, T., Qadir, R., Anwar, F., Naz, S., Nazir, N., Nabi, G., Haiying, C. et al. 2024. Optimal Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Leaves of Pongamia pinnata via Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networking. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1–9. 10.1007/s12010-024-04875-w.
Aziz, T., Shah, Z., Sarwar, A., Ullah, N., Khan, A.A., Sameeh, M.Y. et al. 2024. Production of Bioethanol from Pretreated Rice Straw, an Integrated and mediated upstream Fermentation process. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 1–8. 10.1007/s13399-023-04283-w.
Bacha, A., Hamza, W., Ali Khan, A., Aziz, A., Wu, T., Al-Asmari, J., Y Sameeh, F. et al. 2024. Scrutinizing the antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic extract of pomegranate peel via different approaches. Ital. J of Food Sci. 36(1): 1–14. 10.15586/ijfs.v36i1.2459
Bakratsas, G., Polydera, A., Nilson, O., Kossatz, L., Xiros, C., Katapodis, P., and Stamatis, H. 2023. Single-cell protein production by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged fermentation. Sustain Food Technol. 1(3): 377–389. 10.1039/D2FB00058J
Benkiran, S., Zinedine, A., Aziz, T., Miguel Rocha, J., Ayam, I. M., Raoui, S. M., et al. (2024). Wound-healing potentiation in mice treated with phenolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves planted at different climatic areas. Ital. J of Food Sci. 36(1): 28–43. 10.15586/ijfs.v36i1.2454
Bratosin, B.C., Darjan, S., and Vodnar, D.C. 2021. Single-cell protein: a potential substitute in human and animal nutrition. Sustainability. 13(16): 9284. 10.3390/su13169284
Bremner, J.M. 1960. Determination of nitrogen in soil by the Kjeldahl method. J of Agri. Sci. 55(1): 11–33.
Calcio, G.E., Colletti, A., Grillo, G., Tabasso, S., and Cravotto, G. 2020. Emerging processing technologies for the recovery of valuable bioactive compounds from potato peels. Foods. 9(11): 1598. 10.3390/foods9111598
Chaudhary, A., Aihetasham, A., Younas, S., Basheer, N., Hussain, N., Naz, S. et al. 2024. Statistical optimization for comparative hydrolysis and fermentation for hemicellulosic ethanolgenesis. Ital. J of Food Sci. 36 (2): 231–245. 10.15586/ijfs.v36i2.2526.
Chen, H., Zhang, Q., Shu, G., Li, Q., and Zeng, F. 2016. Research article optimization of fermentation technology for producing single cell protein from yam starch by orthogonal test. Adv J Food Sci Technol. 10(11): 833–837. 10.19026/ajfst.10.2270
dos Santos Nascimento, J.C., Ribeiro, A.G., da Cunha, M.N.C., Herculano, P.N., Marques, D.D.A.V., Rabello, C.B.V., and Porto, A.L.F. 2022. Single cell protein production by Candida robusta isolated from sugar cane (Saccharum sp.) for animal feed: Produção de Biomassa por Candida robusta isolada da Cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) para alimentação animal. Brazil. J of Devel. 8(8): 56092–56105.
Ejaz, U., Afzal, M., Naveed, M., Amin, Z.S., Atta, A., Aziz, T., Kainat, G. et al. 2024. Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical profiling of butanol extract of L. edodes with in-silico virtual screening. Sci Rep. 14(1): 5751. 10.1038/s41598-024-56421-7.
Khan, M.K.I., Asif, M., Razzaq, Z.U., Nazir, A., and Maan, A.A. 2022. Sustainable food industrial waste management through single cell protein production and characterization of protein enriched bread. Food Biosci. 46: 101406. 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101406
Khatoon, N., Ullah, N., Sarwar, A., Aziz, T., Alharbi, M., and Alshammri, A. 2023. Isolation and Identification of Protease Producing Bacillus strain from Cold Climate Soil and Optimization of its Production by applying Different Fermentation Conditions. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 21(4): 3391–3401. 10.15666/aeer/2104_33913401
Kurek, M.A., Onopiuk, A., Pogorzelska-Nowicka, E., Szpicer, A., Zalewska, M., and Półtorak, A. 2022. Novel protein sources for applications in meat-alternative products—insight and challenges. Foods. 11(7): 957. 10.3390/foods11070957
Li, Z., Tian-Tian, L., Aziz, T., Min, Z., Sarwar, A., Zhennai, Y., et al. 2023. Purification of Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) by fermentation with Kluyveromyces lactis and Interaction between GOS and casein under simulated acidic fermentation conditions. World J Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39(12): 342. 10.1007/s11274-023-03791-1
Milala, M.A., Yakubu, M., Burah, B., Laminu, H.H., and Bashir, H. 2018. Production and optimization of single cell protein from orange peels by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Biotechnol Discov. 3: 99–104. 10.31248/JBBD2018.081
Nadeem, H. 2021. Conversion of potato peels into single cell protein. Futur Biotechnol, 1(2): 9–13. 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.26
Oshoma, C.E., and Eguakun-Owie, S.O. 2018. Conversion of food waste to single cell protein using Aspergillus niger. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 22(3): 350–355. 10.4314/jasem.v22i3.10
Oshoma, C.E., Eguakun-Owie, S.O., and Obuekwe, I.S. 2019. Utilization of banana peel as a substrate for single cell protein and amylase production by Aspergillus niger. Afr Scientist. 18(3): 143–150.
Ouedraogo, N., Savadogo, A., Somda, M.K., Zongo, C., and Traore, A.S. 2017. Effect of mineral salts and nitrogen source on yeast (Candida utilis NOY1) biomass production using tubers wastes. Afr J Biotechnol. 16(8): 359–365. 10.5897/AJB2016.15801
Perveen, I., Bukhari, B., Sarwar, A., Aziz, T., Kosar, N., Younas, H. et al. 2023. Applications and Efficacy of Lacto-Fermentation and Submerged cultivation of Edible Mushrooms: From Traditional to Emerging Trends in Production Techniques. Biomass Conv. Bioref, 1–10. 10.1007/s13399-023-04694-9.
Riesute, R., Salomskiene, J., Moreno, D.S., and Gustiene, S. 2021. Effect of yeasts on food quality and safety and possibilities of their inhibition. Trends Food Sci Technol. 108: 1–10. 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.022
Shehzadi, A., Chaudhary, A., Aihetasham, A., Hussain, N., Naz, S., Aziz, T., and Alasmari, A.F. 2024. Determination of hydrolyzing and ethanolic potential of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from fruit waste. Ital. J. of Food Sci. 36(1): 127–141. 10.15586/ijfs.v36i1.2470
Spalvins, K., Zihare, L., and Blumberga, D. 2018. Single cell protein production from waste biomass: comparison of various industrial by-products. Energy procedia, 147: 409–418.
Shah, T.A., Majeed, T., Rahman, S.R., Ihsan, T., Aziz, T., Alharbi, M., Alasmari, A.F., and Alshammari, A. 2023. Synergistic Treatment of Crude Enzymes from Bacillus sp. Strains to Boost Anaerobic Fermentation of Rice Straw. Bio. Conv., and Bioref. 1–9. 10.1007/s13399-023-05090-z.
Suman, A., Yadav, A. N., and Verma, P. 2016. Endophytic microbes in crops: diversity and beneficial impact for sustainable agriculture. Microbial inoculants in sustainable agricultural productivity. Res. Persp. 1: 117–143.
Tian, Y., Li, J., Meng, J., and Li, J. 2023. High-yield production of single-cell protein from starch processing wastewater using co-cultivation of yeasts. Bioresour Technol. 370: 128527. 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128527
Uçkun, K.E., Trzcinski, A.P., and Liu, Y. 2015. Platform chemical production from food wastes using a biorefinery concept. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 90(8): 1364–1379.
Ullah, N., Mujaddad-ur-Rehman, M., Sarwar, A., Nadeem M., Nelofar R., Irfan M., Idrees M. et al. 2023. Effect of bioprocess parameters on alkaline protease production by locally isolated Bacillus cereus AUST-7 using tannery waste in submerged fermentation. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 1–9. 10.1007/s13399-023-04498-x
Ullah, N., Rehman, M.U., Sarwar, A., Nadeem, M., Nelofer, R., Shakir, H.A., Irfan, M. et al. 2022. Purification, Characterization, and Application of Alkaline Protease Enzyme from a Locally Isolated Bacillus cereus Strain. Fermentation. 8: 628. 10.3390/fermentation8110628
Zhou, Z., Sarwar, A., Xue, R., Hu, G., Wu, J., Aziz, T., Alasmari, A.F. et al. 2023. Metabolomics analysis of potential functional metabolites in synbiotic ice cream made with probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-745 and prebiotic inulin. Food Chem, 454:139839. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139839.
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Sep 26, 2024
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Kiran, N., Yunus, F.-U.-N., Nadeem, M., Manzoor, F., Nelofar, R., Sarwar, A., Ullah, N., Aziz, T., S. Alamri, A., Alsanie, W. F., & Alhomrani, M. (2024). Potato peel as substrate for Single Cell Protein in animal feed by submerged fermentation. Italian Journal of Food Science, 36(4), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v36i4.2641
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Kiran, N., Yunus, F.-U.-N., Nadeem, M., Manzoor, F., Nelofar, R., Sarwar, A., Ullah, N., Aziz, T., S. Alamri, A., Alsanie, W. F., & Alhomrani, M. (2024). Potato peel as substrate for Single Cell Protein in animal feed by submerged fermentation. Italian Journal of Food Science, 36(4), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v36i4.2641