Effect of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine solution in reduction of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin residues from cauliflower
Main Article Content
Keywords
extraction, health, pesticides, residues, vegetables
Abstract
The extensive utilization of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in agriculture raises concerns regarding the accumulation of pesticide residues in human food, posing a threat to human health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ozonation on cauliflower to decrease the level of pesticides. Cypermethrin and organophosphate chlorpyrifos were applied to cauliflower at specific doses. High-performance liquid chromatographic techniques were employed to detect pesticide residues in cauliflower. The effects of common oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, and ozone) on the reduction of pesticide residues were investigated. Solutions of hydrogen peroxide (10 and 100 ppm), chlorine (10 and 100 ppm), and ozone (10 and 100 ppm) were prepared, and the cauliflower sample was immersed for 20 min. The immersion in 10 ppm hydrogen peroxide solution reduced chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin by 68 and 65%, respectively. Meanwhile, at 100 ppm hydrogen peroxide solution, the reduction rates of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin residues were 72 and 75%, respectively. Immersion in ozone solution at 10 ppm concentration reduced chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin by 58 and 57%, respectively. At 100 ppm ozone, chlorpyrifos was reduced up to 64%, and cypermethrin reduction was 74%. Chlorine immersion at 10 ppm reduced chlorpyrifos residues by 68% and cypermethrin residues by 81%, while a 100 ppm chlorine solution reduced chlorpyrifos residues by 100% and cypermethrin residues by 84%. From these results, it was concluded that chlorine was the most effective of all the cleaning solutions to remove pesticides from vegetables.
References
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Macha, M.H., 2022. A comparison of pesticides residual (organophosphates) levels in vegetables and fruits sourced from small scale farmers to commercial farmers, Kasama Zambia. Doctoral dissertation, University of Johannesburg. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/10210/502965
Maggioni, L., von Bothmer, R., Poulsen, G., and Lipman, E., 2018. Domestication, diversity, and use of Brassica oleracea L., based on ancient Greek and Latin texts. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 65: 137–159. 10.1007/s10722-017-0516-2
Mazhar, I., Hamid, A., and Afzal, S., 2019. Groundwater quality assessment and human health risks in Gujranwala District, Pakistan. Environmental Earth Sciences. 78: 1–12. 10.1007/s12665-019-8644-y
Naveed, M., Azeem, A., Aziz, T., Javed, K., Ali, I., Ali Khan, A., et al. 2024. Evaluating the MDCK cell permeability of greenly synthesize bimetallic Ag/Zn Nanoparticles using leaf extract of Vallaris solanacea as a potential antipesticide-resistant agent. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 21: 1–9. 10.1515/znc-2024-0065
Özen, T., Koyuncu, M.A., and Erbaş, D. 2021. Effect of ozone treatments on the removal of pesticide residues and postharvest quality in green pepper. J Food Sci Technol. 58(6): 2186–2196. 10.1007/s13197-020-04729-3
Qi, H., Huang, Q., and Hung, Y.C., 2018. Effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidizing water treatment in removing pesticide residues and its effect on produce quality. Food Chemistry. 239: 561–568. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.144
Rodrigues, F.T., Marchioni, E., Lordel-Madeleine, S., Kuntz, F., Villavicencio, A.L.C.H., and Julien-David, D., 2020. Degradation of profenofos in aqueous solution and in vegetable sample by electron beam radiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 166: 108441. 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108441
Rodrigues, A.A.Z., Queiroz, M.E.L.R., Neves, A.A., Oliveira, A.F., Prates, L.H.F., Freitas, J.F. et al. 2019. Use of ozone and detergent for removal of pesticides and improving storage quality of tomato. Food Res Int. 125: 108626. 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108626
Satpathy, G., Tyagi, Y.K., and Gupta, R.K., 2012. Removal of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues from vegetables using washing solutions and boiling. Journal of Agricultural Science. 4(2): 69–78.
Sujayasree, O.J., Chaitanya, A.K., Bhoite, R., Pandiselvam, R., Kothakota, A., Gavahian, M., and Mousavi Khaneghah, A., 2022. Ozone: An advanced oxidation technology to enhance sustainable food consumption through mycotoxin degradation. Ozone: Science & Engineering. 44(1): 17–37. 10.1080/01919512.2021.1948388
Swami, S., Kumar, B., and Singh, S.B. 2021. Effect of ozone application on the removal of pesticides from grapes and green bell peppers and changes in their nutraceutical quality. J Environ Sci Health B. 56(8): 722–730. 10.1080/03601234.2021.1940660
Swami, S., Muzammil, R., Saha, S. et al. Evaluation of ozonation technique for pesticide residue removal and its effect on ascorbic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and polyphenols in apple (Malus domesticus) fruits. Environ Monit Assess 188, 301 (2016). 10.1007/s10661-016-5294-3
Tamaki, M., and Ikeura, H., 2012. Removal of residual pesticides in vegetables using ozone microbubbles. Pesticides-Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay. 23: 1–25. 10.5772/48744
Tomer, V., Sangha, J.K., Sharma, S., Singh, B., and Takkar, R., 2019. A study on the pesticide residues in cauliflower and the efficacy of household processing methods in their reduction. Think India Journal. 22(34): 1421–1438.
Tongjai, P., Hongsibsong, S., and Sapbamrer, R., 2021. The efficiency of various household processing forremoving chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in Chinese kale and Pakchoi. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods. 13(3): 45–52. 10.15586/qas.v13i3.913
Velioglu, Y.S., Ergen, Ş.F., Pelin, A.K.S.U., and Altindağ, A., 2018. Effects of ozone treatment on the degradation and toxicity of several pesticides in different group. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 24(2): 245–255. 10.15832/ankutbd.446448
Wang, Y., Ma, Q., Li, Y., Sun, T., Jin, H., Zhao, C., Milne, E., Easter, M., Paustian, K., Yong, H.W.A., and McDonagh, J., 2019. Energy consumption, carbon emissions and global warming potential of wolfberry production in Jingtai Oasis, Gansu Province, China. Environmental Management. 64: 772–782. 10.1007/s00267-019-01225-z
Weber, R.W., Späth, S., Buchleither, S., and Mayr, U., 2016. A review of sooty blotch and flyspeck disease in German organic apple production. Erwerbs-Obstbau. 58(2): 63–79. 10.1007/s10341-016-0266-x
Yigit, N., and Velioglu, Y.S., 2020. Effects of processing and storage on pesticide residues in foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 60: 3622–3641. 10.1080/10408398.2019.1702501
Zheng, Y., Wu, S., Dang, J., Wang, S., Liu, Z., Fang, J., et al., 2019. Reduction of phoxim pesticide residues from grapes by atmospheric pressure non-thermal air plasma activated water. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 377: 98–105. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.058
Zhou, W., Li, M., and Achal, V. 2024. A comprehensive review on environmental and human health impacts of chemical pesticide usage. Emerging Contaminants. 11(1): 100410. 10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100410
Zou, R., Chang, Y., Zhang, T., Si, F., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., et al., 2019. Up-converting nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic strip for multi-residue detection of three organophosphorus pesticides in food. Frontiers in Chemistry. 7: 18–23. 10.3389/fchem.2019.00018
Żyła, N., Fidler, J., and Babula-Skowrońska, D., 2021. Economic and academic importance of Brassica oleracea. The Brassica oleracea Genome. 23: 1–6. 10.1007/978-3-030-31005-9_1
Aldeguer, E.A., Varo, G.P.J., Sentana, G.I., and Prats, R.D., 2020. 2020. Activated carbon and ozone to reduce simazine in water. Water. 12(10): 2900. 10.3390/w12102900
Anjali, K.U., Reshma, C., Sruthi, N.U., Pandiselvam, R., Kothakota, A., Kumar, M., Siliveru, K., Marszałek, K., and Mousavi, K.A., 2022. Influence of ozone treatment on functional and rheological characteristics of food products: An updated review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 20: 1–15. 10.1080/10408398.2022.2134292
Ayilara, M.S., Adeleke, B.S., Akinola, S.A., Fayose, C.A., Adeyemi, U.T., Gbadegesin, L.A., et al. 2023. Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides: A case for microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides. Front Microbiol. 14: 1040901. 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040901
Baghirzade, B.S., Yetis, U., and Dilek, F.B., 2021. Imidacloprid elimination by O3 and O3/UV: Kinetics study, matrix effect, and mechanism insight. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28: 24535–24551. 10.1007/s11356-020-09355-2
Barbosa, M., Valentão, P., and Andrade, P.B., 2020. Astaxanthin and fucoxanthin: Promising marine xanthophylls with therapeutic potential. Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology. 3: 1391–1426. 10.1002/9781119143802.ch59
Cabral, K.C., da Silva, S.B., da Silva, P.R.S., Hansen, E., da Silva, J., and Brochier, B. 2023. Kinetic modeling of Escherichia coli inactivation by ozone mist. Ozone:Science & Engineering. 46(1): 64–77. 10.1080/01919512.2023.2210608
Campayo, A., De La Hoz, K.S., García-Martínez, M.M., Sánchez-Martínez, J.F., Salinas, M.R., and Alonso, G.L., 2019. Spraying ozonated water on Bobal grapevines: Effect on grape quality. Food Research International. 125: 108540. 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108540
Cengiz, M.F., and Certel, M. 2014. Effects of chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone on the reduction of mancozeb residues on tomatoes. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 38(10): 371–376. 10.3906/tar-1307-14
Chuwa, C., Vaidya, D., Kathuria, D., Gautam, S., Sharma, S., and Sharma, B., 2020. Ozone (O3): An emerging technology in the food industry. Food and Nutrition Journal. 5: 224–228. 10.29011/2575-7091.100124
Egemen, D.E.R.E., and Ferda, A.R.I., 2021. Metil Paration’nun PiruvatKinaz Enzim Aktivitesine Etkisi. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 9(1): 811–815. 10.18586/msufbd.838448
Gavahian, M., and Khaneghah, A.M., 2020. Cold plasma as a tool for the elimination of food contaminants: Recent advances and future trends. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 60(9): 1581–1592. 10.1080/10408398.2019.1584600
Gul, A., Chandio, A.A., Siyal, S.A., Rehman, A., and Xiumin, W., 2022. How climate change is impacting the major yield crops of Pakistan? An exploration from long-and short-run estimation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29(18): 26660–26674. 10.1007/s11356-021-17579-z
Hakme, E., Herrmann, S.S., and Poulsen, M.E., 2020. Processing factors of pesticide residues in biscuits and their relation to the physicochemical properties of pesticides. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 37(10): 1695–1706. 10.1080/19440049.2020.1791975
Hassanzadeh, N., Bahramifar, N., and Zaheri, F.M., 2018. Food safety evaluation of imidacloprid residue in Grape berries at a different dose of spraying. Archives of Hygiene Sciences Volume. 7(3): 23–27. 10.29252/ArchHygSci.7.3.165
Hogan, J.D., Klein, J.A., Wu, J., Chopra, P., Boons, G.J., Carvalho, L., et al., 2018. Software for peak finding and elemental composition assignment for glycosaminoglycan tandem mass spectra. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 17(7): 1448–1456. 10.1074/mcp.RA118.000590
Hussain, A., Khan, A.A., Ali, M., Iqbal, J., Iqbal, Z., Ullah, Q., et al. 2022. In vitro and In vivo assessment of toxic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus leaves extract. J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 67(2): 2022. 10.4067/S0717-97072022000205484
Iqbal, J., Khan, A.A., Aziz, T., Ali, W., Ahmad, S., Rahman, S.U., et al. 2022. Phytochemical Investigation, Antioxidant Properties and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Parthenium hysterophorus. Molecules. 27(13): 4189. 10.3390/molecules27134189
Lehel, J., Vöröskői, P., Palkovics, A., Szabó, C., Darnay, L., Budai, P., Laczay, P., and Lányi, K., 2022. Farm to table: Residues of different pesticides in tomato and tomato juice–Food safety aspects. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 70(3): 236–244. 10.1556/004.2022.00025
Kaur, R., Choudhary, D., Bali, S., Bandral, S.S., Singh, V., Ahmad, M.A., et al. 2024. Pesticides: An alarming detrimental to health and environment. Sci Total Environ. 10(915): 170113. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170113
Macha, M.H., 2022. A comparison of pesticides residual (organophosphates) levels in vegetables and fruits sourced from small scale farmers to commercial farmers, Kasama Zambia. Doctoral dissertation, University of Johannesburg. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/10210/502965
Maggioni, L., von Bothmer, R., Poulsen, G., and Lipman, E., 2018. Domestication, diversity, and use of Brassica oleracea L., based on ancient Greek and Latin texts. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 65: 137–159. 10.1007/s10722-017-0516-2
Mazhar, I., Hamid, A., and Afzal, S., 2019. Groundwater quality assessment and human health risks in Gujranwala District, Pakistan. Environmental Earth Sciences. 78: 1–12. 10.1007/s12665-019-8644-y
Naveed, M., Azeem, A., Aziz, T., Javed, K., Ali, I., Ali Khan, A., et al. 2024. Evaluating the MDCK cell permeability of greenly synthesize bimetallic Ag/Zn Nanoparticles using leaf extract of Vallaris solanacea as a potential antipesticide-resistant agent. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 21: 1–9. 10.1515/znc-2024-0065
Özen, T., Koyuncu, M.A., and Erbaş, D. 2021. Effect of ozone treatments on the removal of pesticide residues and postharvest quality in green pepper. J Food Sci Technol. 58(6): 2186–2196. 10.1007/s13197-020-04729-3
Qi, H., Huang, Q., and Hung, Y.C., 2018. Effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidizing water treatment in removing pesticide residues and its effect on produce quality. Food Chemistry. 239: 561–568. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.144
Rodrigues, F.T., Marchioni, E., Lordel-Madeleine, S., Kuntz, F., Villavicencio, A.L.C.H., and Julien-David, D., 2020. Degradation of profenofos in aqueous solution and in vegetable sample by electron beam radiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 166: 108441. 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108441
Rodrigues, A.A.Z., Queiroz, M.E.L.R., Neves, A.A., Oliveira, A.F., Prates, L.H.F., Freitas, J.F. et al. 2019. Use of ozone and detergent for removal of pesticides and improving storage quality of tomato. Food Res Int. 125: 108626. 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108626
Satpathy, G., Tyagi, Y.K., and Gupta, R.K., 2012. Removal of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues from vegetables using washing solutions and boiling. Journal of Agricultural Science. 4(2): 69–78.
Sujayasree, O.J., Chaitanya, A.K., Bhoite, R., Pandiselvam, R., Kothakota, A., Gavahian, M., and Mousavi Khaneghah, A., 2022. Ozone: An advanced oxidation technology to enhance sustainable food consumption through mycotoxin degradation. Ozone: Science & Engineering. 44(1): 17–37. 10.1080/01919512.2021.1948388
Swami, S., Kumar, B., and Singh, S.B. 2021. Effect of ozone application on the removal of pesticides from grapes and green bell peppers and changes in their nutraceutical quality. J Environ Sci Health B. 56(8): 722–730. 10.1080/03601234.2021.1940660
Swami, S., Muzammil, R., Saha, S. et al. Evaluation of ozonation technique for pesticide residue removal and its effect on ascorbic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and polyphenols in apple (Malus domesticus) fruits. Environ Monit Assess 188, 301 (2016). 10.1007/s10661-016-5294-3
Tamaki, M., and Ikeura, H., 2012. Removal of residual pesticides in vegetables using ozone microbubbles. Pesticides-Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay. 23: 1–25. 10.5772/48744
Tomer, V., Sangha, J.K., Sharma, S., Singh, B., and Takkar, R., 2019. A study on the pesticide residues in cauliflower and the efficacy of household processing methods in their reduction. Think India Journal. 22(34): 1421–1438.
Tongjai, P., Hongsibsong, S., and Sapbamrer, R., 2021. The efficiency of various household processing forremoving chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in Chinese kale and Pakchoi. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods. 13(3): 45–52. 10.15586/qas.v13i3.913
Velioglu, Y.S., Ergen, Ş.F., Pelin, A.K.S.U., and Altindağ, A., 2018. Effects of ozone treatment on the degradation and toxicity of several pesticides in different group. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 24(2): 245–255. 10.15832/ankutbd.446448
Wang, Y., Ma, Q., Li, Y., Sun, T., Jin, H., Zhao, C., Milne, E., Easter, M., Paustian, K., Yong, H.W.A., and McDonagh, J., 2019. Energy consumption, carbon emissions and global warming potential of wolfberry production in Jingtai Oasis, Gansu Province, China. Environmental Management. 64: 772–782. 10.1007/s00267-019-01225-z
Weber, R.W., Späth, S., Buchleither, S., and Mayr, U., 2016. A review of sooty blotch and flyspeck disease in German organic apple production. Erwerbs-Obstbau. 58(2): 63–79. 10.1007/s10341-016-0266-x
Yigit, N., and Velioglu, Y.S., 2020. Effects of processing and storage on pesticide residues in foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 60: 3622–3641. 10.1080/10408398.2019.1702501
Zheng, Y., Wu, S., Dang, J., Wang, S., Liu, Z., Fang, J., et al., 2019. Reduction of phoxim pesticide residues from grapes by atmospheric pressure non-thermal air plasma activated water. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 377: 98–105. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.058
Zhou, W., Li, M., and Achal, V. 2024. A comprehensive review on environmental and human health impacts of chemical pesticide usage. Emerging Contaminants. 11(1): 100410. 10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100410
Zou, R., Chang, Y., Zhang, T., Si, F., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., et al., 2019. Up-converting nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic strip for multi-residue detection of three organophosphorus pesticides in food. Frontiers in Chemistry. 7: 18–23. 10.3389/fchem.2019.00018
Żyła, N., Fidler, J., and Babula-Skowrońska, D., 2021. Economic and academic importance of Brassica oleracea. The Brassica oleracea Genome. 23: 1–6. 10.1007/978-3-030-31005-9_1
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Sep 26, 2024
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Amjad, A., Khalid Saeed, M., Rizwan Amjad, M., Hameed, A., Nawaz, H., Ullah, N., Sarwar, A., Aziz, T., Zahra, N., S. Alamri, A., Alsanie, W. F., & Alhomrani, M. (2024). Effect of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine solution in reduction of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin residues from cauliflower. Italian Journal of Food Science, 36(4), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v36i4.2621
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Amjad, A., Khalid Saeed, M., Rizwan Amjad, M., Hameed, A., Nawaz, H., Ullah, N., Sarwar, A., Aziz, T., Zahra, N., S. Alamri, A., Alsanie, W. F., & Alhomrani, M. (2024). Effect of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine solution in reduction of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin residues from cauliflower. Italian Journal of Food Science, 36(4), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v36i4.2621