THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF THE DAIRY CHEESE CHAIN: AN ITALIAN CASE STUDY
Main Article Content
Keywords
carbon footprint, cheese whey recycling, eco-efficiency ratio, economic value added, mozzarella cheese production
Abstract
The eco-efficiency of mozzarella cheese production was investigated in two dairy chains that differ in liquid whey recycling, with whey recycling (B) and without whey recycling (A), in cow diets. The total eco-efficiency (total GVA/total GWP) for 1 kg of mozzarella cheese ranged from € 0.19 (B) to € 0.16 per kg CO2-eq (A). The cheese-making phase of each diet accounted for about 3% of GWP total emissions. The mozzarella cheese making phase had the highest eco-efficiency ratio, while the milk production phase showed the lowest economic value and the highest impact. Findings suggest improvements in reducing the environmental burden of the primary phase while increasing its economic value.
References
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Succi G., Crovetto G.M. and Salimei E. 1986. Alimentazione liquida nella vacca da latte. Agricoltura 2000. 4: 12-17. van Middelaar C.E., Berentsen P.B.M., Dijkstra J., and de Boer I.J.M. 2013. Evaluation of a feeding strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farming: the level of analysis matters. Agr. Syst. 121:9-22.
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Vergé X.P.C., Maxime D., Dyer J.A., Desjardins R.L., Arcand Y. and Vanderzaag A. 2013. Carbon footprint of Canadian dairy products: calculations and issues. J. Dairy Sci. 96:6091-6104.
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Wettemann P.J.C. and Latacz-Lohmann U. 2017. An efficiency-based concept to assess potential cost and greenhouse gas savings on German dairy farms. Agr. Syst. 152:27-37.
White R.R. 2016. Increasing energy and protein use efficiency improves opportunities to decrease land use, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production. Agr. Syst. 146: 0-29.
Basset-Mens C., Ledgard S. and Boyes M. 2009. Eco-efficiency of intensification scenarios for milk production in New Zealand. Ecol. Econ. 68:1615-1625.
Battini F., Agostini A. Tabaglio V. and Amaducci S. 2016. Environmental impacts of different dairy farming systems in the Po Valley. J. Clean. Prod. 112:91-102.
Brereton M. 2006. Methodology Notes: Links between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Value Added (GVA). Economic Trends 627:25-26.
Brankatschk G. and Finkbeiner M. 2014. Application of the cereal unit in a new allocation procedure for agricultural life cycle assessments. J. Clean. Prod. 73:72-79.
Colombini S., Zucali M., Rapetti L., Crovetto G.M., Sandrucci A. and Bava L. 2015. Substitution of corn silage with sorghum silages in lactating cow diets: in vivo methane emission and global warming potential of milk production. Agr. Systems 136:106-113.
Dalla Riva A., Burek J., Kim D., Thoma G., Cassandro M. and De Marchi M. 2017. Environmental life cycle assessment of Italian mozzarella cheese: Hotspots and improvement opportunities. J. Dairy Sci.100:1-20.
Dalla Riva A., Kristensen T., De Marchi M., Kargo M., Jensen J. and Cassandro M. 2014. Carbon footprint from dairy farming system: comparison between Holstein and Jersey cattle in Italian circumstances. Acta Agr. Kapos. 18:75-80.
EMEP/EEA. 2009. Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook. EEA. Technical report No 9/2009. http://www.eea.europa.eu//publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009 (accessed 21.07.17).
Falcone G., De Luca A.I., Stillitano T., Iofrida N., Strano A., Piscopo A., Branca M.L. and Gulisano G. 2017. Shelf Life Extension to Reduce Food Losses: the Case of Mozzarella Cheese. Chem. Eng. Trans. 57:1849-1854.
Falconi F., Neri P. and Olivieri G. 2011. Unpublished. Il ciclo di vita del latte con produzione di energia da biogas ottenuto da liquame, Doc. ENEA -PROT-RT–54.
Fantin V., Buttol P., Pergreffi R. and Masoni P. 2012. Life cycle assessment of Italian high quality milk production. A comparison with an EPD study. J. Clean. Prod. 28:150-159.
Fantozzi P., Caboni M.F., Gallina T.T., Gerbi V., Hidalgo A., Lavelli V., Perretti G., Pittia P., Pompei C., Rantsiou K., Rolle L., Sinigaglia M. and Zanoni B. 2015. Italy on the spotlight: EXPO Milan 2015 and Italian Journal of Food Science. It. J. Food Sc. 27(4):407-408.
Finnegan W., Goggins J., Clifford E. and Zhan X. 2015. Global warming potential associated with dairy products in the Republic of Ireland. J. Clean. Prod. 1-12.
Flysjo A., Thrane M. and Hermansen J.E. 2014. Method to assess the carbon footprint at product level in the dairy industry. Int. Dairy J. 34:86-92.
Franchini F. and Neri P. 2004. Analisi del Ciclo di Vita di 1 L di latte UHT della ditta Granarolo, Doc. ENEA –PROT–INN 135–046. http://openarchive.enea.it//handle/10840/3825 (accessed21.07.17)
González-García S., Castanheira E.G., Dias A.C. and Arroja L. 2013. Environmental performance of a Portuguese mature cheese-making dairy mill. J. Clean. Prod. 41:65-73.
Hawkins J., Weersink A., Wagner-Riddle C. and Fox G. 2015. Optimizing ration formulation as a strategy for greenhouse gas mitigation in intensive dairy production systems. Agr. Syst. 137:1-11.
Helmes R., Ponsioen T. and Robbemond R.M. 2016. Allocation choices strongly affect technology evaluation in dairy processing. Paper presented at the “Putting LCA into practice”. 10th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment of Food”, Dublin, October 19-21.
Hessle A., Bertilsson J., Stenberg B., Kumm K-I. and Sonesson U. 2017. Combining environmentally and economically sustainable dairy and beef production in Sweden. Agr. Syst. 156:105-114.
Huysveld S., Van Meensel J., Van linden V., De Meester S., Peirena N., Muylle H., Dewulf J. and Lauwers L. 2017. Communicative farm-specific diagnosis of potential simultaneous savings in costs and natural resource demand of feed on dairy farms. Agr. Syst. 150:34-45.
IDF. 2015. A common carbon footprint approach for the dairy sector -The IDF guide to standard life cycle assessment methodology. No. 479/2015. http://www.fil-idf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Bulletin479-2015_A-common-carbon-footprint-approach-for-the-dairy-sector.CAT.pdf. (accessed 21.07.17).
INLATTE Project. OR.2. “Validazione dell’impiego di siero, stabilizzato per via fermentativa, nell’alimentazione di bovine da latte”. Salimei E., Zurlo, N. http://www.premioimpresambiente.it/wp-content/uploads/allegati/390/Allegato-2-Salimei-Zurlo.pdf.
IPCC. 2006. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Volume 4. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Chapters 10-11. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html (accessed 12.05.17).
IPCC. 2015. Climate Change 2014. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Synthesis Report. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf (accessed 12.05.17).
Iribarren D., Hospido A., Moreira M.T. and Feijoo G. 2011. Benchmarking environmental and operational parameters through eco-efficiency criteria for dairy farms. Sci. Total Environ. 409:1786-1798.
ISPRA. 2008. Agricoltura -Inventario nazionale delle emissioni e disaggregazione provinciale. Rapporto 85/2008. http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/contentfiles/00003600/3620-rapporto-85-2008-inventario-nazionale-agricoltura-alta.pdf/view (accessed 12.05.17).
Kim D., Thoma G., Nutter D., Milani F., Ulrich R. and Norris G. 2013. Life cycle assessment of cheese and whey production in the USA. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 18:1019-1035.
Kirilova E.G. and Vaklieva-Bancheva N.G. 2017. Environmentally friendly management of dairy supply chain for designing a green products' portfolio. J. Clean. Prod. 167:493-504.
Koesling M., Hansenc S. and Azzaroli Bleken M. 2017. Variations in nitrogen utilisation on conventional and organic dairy farms in Norway. Agr. Syst. 157:11-21.
Meul M., Nevens F., Verbruggen I., Reheul D. and Hofman G. 2007. Operationalising eco-efficiency in agriculture: the example of specialized dairy farms in Flanders. Prog. Ind. Ecology. Int. J. 4:1-2.
Mirabella N., Castellani V. and Sala S. 2014. Current options for the valorization of food manufacturing waste: a review. J. Clean. Prod. 65:28-41.
Mu W., van Middelaar C.E., Bloemhof J.M., Engel B. and de Boer I.J.M. 2017. Benchmarking the environmental performance of specialized milk production systems: selection of a set of indicators. Ecol. Ind. 72: 91-98.
Muller K., Holmes A., Deurer M. and Clothier B.E. 2015. Eco-efficiency as a sustainability measure for kiwifruit production in New Zealand. J. Clean. Prod. 106:333-342.
Murphy B., Crosson P., Kelly A.K. R. and Prendiville R. 2017. An economic and greenhouse gas emissions evaluation of pasture-based dairy calf-to-beef production systems. Agr. Syst. 154: 124-132.
Nemecek T., Schmid A., Alig M., Schnebli K. and Vaihinger M. 2011. Variability of the Global Warming Potential and Energy Demand of Swiss Cheese. In Proceedings of SETAC Europe 17th LCA Case Studies Symposium “Sustainable Lifestyles”, Budapest, Hungary, 28 February -1 March.
Neri P. and Borsari A. 2005. Analisi ambientale del ciclo di vita della produzione di latte da allevamento biologico e confronto con la convenzionale, Doc. ENEA –PROT–135–086. http://openarchive.enea.it/handle/10840/3859 (accessed 12.05.17).
Notarnicola B., Salomone R., Petti L., Renzulli P.A., Roma R. and Cerutti A.K. (Eds.). 2015. “Life cycle assessment in the agri-food sector. Case studies, methodological issues and best practices”. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. Pagani M., Vittuari M., Johnson T.G. and De Menna F. 2016. An assessment of the energy footprint of dairy farms in Missouri and Emilia-Romagna. Agr. Syst. 145:116-126.
Palmieri N., Forleo M.B. and Salimei E. 2017. Environmental impacts of a dairy cheese chain including whey feeding: an Italian case study. J. Clean. Prod. 140:881-889.
Patra A.K. 2012. Enteric methane mitigation technologies for ruminant livestock: a synthesis of current research and future directions. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184:1929-1952.
Prazeres A.R., Carvalho F. and Rivas J. 2012. Cheese whey management: a review. J. Environ. Manage. 110:48-68.
Roma R., Corrado S., De Boni A., Forleo M.B., Fantin V., Moretti M., Palmieri N., Vitali A. and De Camillis C. 2015. Life cycle assessment in the livestock and derived edible products sector. Ch. 5. In: “Life cycle assessment in the agri-food sector: case studies, methodological issues and best practices”.B. Notarnicola, R. Salomone, L. Pett, P.A. Renzulli R. Roma A.K. Cerutti (Eds.). Springer Publishing, Switzerland.
Röös E., Sundeberg C. and Hansson P.A. 2014. Carbon footprint of food products. Volume 1. Ch. 4. In “Assessment of carbon footprint in different industrial sectors”. S. S. Muthu (Ed.). Springer Publishing, Singapore.
Rotz C.A. 2018. Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms. J. of Dairy Sci. 101:1-16.
Sala S., Anton A., McLaren S.J., Notarnicola B., Saouter E. and Sonesson U. 2017. In quest of reducing the environmental impacts of food production and consumption. J. Clean. Prod. 140:2387-2398.
Saling P. 2016. Eco-efficiency assessment. Ch. 4. In “Special types of life cycle assessment part of the series LCA compendium –the complete world of life cycle assessment”. M. Finkbeiner (Ed.). Springer Publishing, Dordrecht.
Sanjuan N., Ribal J., Clemente G. and Fenollosa M.L. 2011. Measuring and improving eco-efficiency using data envelopment analysis a case study of Mahon-Menorca cheese. J. Ind. Ecol. 15:614-628.
Santos H.C.M., Maranduba H.L., de Almeida Neto J.A. and Rodrigues L.B. 2016. Life cycle assessment of cheese production process in a small-sized dairy industry in Brazil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1:1-13.
Soteriades A.D., Faverdin P., Moreau S., Charroin T., Blanchard M. and Stott A.W. 2016. An approach to holistically assess (dairy) farm eco-efficiency by combining Life Cycle Analysis with Data Envelopment Analysis models and methodologies, Animal 1-12.
Succi G., Crovetto G.M. and Salimei E. 1986. Alimentazione liquida nella vacca da latte. Agricoltura 2000. 4: 12-17. van Middelaar C.E., Berentsen P.B.M., Dijkstra J., and de Boer I.J.M. 2013. Evaluation of a feeding strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farming: the level of analysis matters. Agr. Syst. 121:9-22.
van Middelaar C.E., Berentsen P.B.M., Dolman M.A. and de Boer I.J.M. 2011. Eco-efficiency in the production chain of Dutch semi-hard cheese. Livest. Sci. 139:91-99.
Vergé X.P.C., Maxime D., Dyer J.A., Desjardins R.L., Arcand Y. and Vanderzaag A. 2013. Carbon footprint of Canadian dairy products: calculations and issues. J. Dairy Sci. 96:6091-6104.
Vida E. and Tedesco D.E.A. 2017. The carbon footprint of integrated milk production and renewable energy systems. A case study. Sci. Total Envir. 609:1286-1294.
WBCSD. 2000. Measuring eco-efficiency: a guide to reporting company performance. https://www.gdrc.org/sustbiz/wbcsd.html (accessed 12.05.17).
Weidema B.P., Bauer C., Hischier R., Mutel C., Nemecek T., Reinhard J., Vadenbo C.O. and Wernet G. 2013. Overview and methodology: Data quality guideline for the ecoinvent database version 3. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. Ecoinvent Report N. 1, Vol. 3. http://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/176769045/Overview_and_methodology.pdf (accessed 18.05.17).
Wettemann P.J.C. and Latacz-Lohmann U. 2017. An efficiency-based concept to assess potential cost and greenhouse gas savings on German dairy farms. Agr. Syst. 152:27-37.
White R.R. 2016. Increasing energy and protein use efficiency improves opportunities to decrease land use, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production. Agr. Syst. 146: 0-29.
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FORLEO, M., PALMIERI, N., & SALIMEI, E. (2018). THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF THE DAIRY CHEESE CHAIN: AN ITALIAN CASE STUDY. Italian Journal of Food Science, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.14674/IJFS-1077
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FORLEO, M., PALMIERI, N., & SALIMEI, E. (2018). THE ECO-EFFICIENCY OF THE DAIRY CHEESE CHAIN: AN ITALIAN CASE STUDY. Italian Journal of Food Science, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.14674/IJFS-1077